Ultimate Guide on How to Become a Naturalized U.S. Citizen

Becoming a naturalized citizen is one of the most important steps an immigrant can take in the United States. It means you’ve chosen to become a permanent member of the country, with all the rights and responsibilities that come with U.S. citizenship. While the process may seem complicated and confusing, learning the steps for becoming a naturalized citizen can help you feel more confident and prepared. In this guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know, using simple language and real examples to make the journey clear.

From how to become a naturalized citizen to the requirements to become a naturalized citizen of the United States, you’ll find each stage explained in detail. We’ll also include helpful tips to avoid delays and get through the process smoothly. Whether you’re just starting or preparing to submit your Form N-400, this guide has you covered.

What Does It Mean to Be a Naturalized Citizen?

When someone talks about becoming a naturalized citizen, they’re referring to the process of gaining U.S. citizenship after being born outside of the country. Naturalization is a legal process managed by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Once you become a naturalized citizen, you’ll have the same rights as someone born in the United States. You can vote, run for public office (in most cases), and apply for a U.S. passport.

For many immigrants, becoming a citizen is the final step in a long journey to secure the American Dream. It represents a commitment to the country, and it unlocks powerful benefits, such as the ability to help family members immigrate or the security of knowing you can’t be deported. It also brings pride—many people feel more connected and empowered as official members of their new country.

Step 1: Check If You Meet the Citizenship Requirements

Before applying, it’s important to make sure you meet the requirements to become a naturalized citizen of the United States. These rules are in place to make sure that people who become citizens are committed to living in the U.S. and participating fully in American society.

In most cases, you need to:

• Be at least 18 years old
• Have a valid green card (permanent resident status)
• Live in the U.S. for at least five years, or three years if you’re married to a U.S. citizen
• Be physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months of the past five years
• Live in the state or USCIS district where you’re applying for at least three months
• Show you’re a person of good moral character
• Be able to read, write, and speak basic English
• Know basic U.S. history and government (civics)
• Take an oath to support the U.S. Constitution

There are exceptions to some of these rules. For example, if you’re serving in the U.S. military, your timeline to apply might be shorter. Some older applicants or those with disabilities may be excused from the English or civics test.

Step 2: Prepare and File Form N-400

Once you are sure you meet the requirements, the next step is to fill out Form N-400, also called the Application for Naturalization. This form will ask for your personal details, background, travel history, and more. It’s long and detailed, so it’s best to take your time when filling it out.

When preparing your N-400, gather all the documents you’ll need prior to starting. You’ll need:

• A copy of your green card
• Marriage or divorce certificates (if applicable)
• Military service records (if applicable)
• Documents related to past arrests or legal issues, even if charges were dropped

You can file online by creating a USCIS account, or you can mail in a paper form. Filing online is faster and allows you to track your case more easily. Either way, you’ll also need to pay a filing fee (currently $640, plus $85 for biometrics).

Step 3: Attend Your Biometrics Appointment

After USCIS receives your Form N-400, you’ll get a letter in the mail with the date and time of your biometrics appointment. This appointment is quick and usually takes place at a USCIS Application Support Center.

During the appointment, they will take your fingerprints, photograph, and signature. This information is used to conduct a background check with the FBI and other agencies. If there are any issues or red flags found in your background, you could be asked for more documents or an explanation. If everything checks out, you’ll move on to the interview stage.

Step 4: Prepare for the Citizenship Interview

The next step is the face-to-face interview with a USCIS officer. This is a big part of the naturalization process, so it’s a good idea to prepare in advance. The officer will review your application, ask a few questions about your background, and test your English and civics knowledge.

Here’s what usually happens during the interview:

• You’ll take an English test to show you can read, write, and speak the language.
• You’ll answer up to 10 questions about U.S. history and government. You must get at least six right to pass.
• The officer will ask about your travel, your job, and your past (especially any criminal history).
• You may be asked to provide more documents if anything is unclear.

It’s normal to feel nervous, but preparation is key. Use the USCIS study materials and practice your English beforehand.

Step 5: Take the Naturalization Test

The naturalization test includes two main parts: English and civics. The English part has three components—reading, writing, and speaking. You’ll be asked to read one sentence aloud, write one sentence, and speak with the officer during the interview.

For the civics test, you’ll be asked 10 questions out of a list of 100. You need to get at least six correct. USCIS provides study materials, including flashcards, online quizzes, and audio guides. If you fail either part, you’ll get a second chance to retake the test.

Some applicants qualify for an exemption or simplified test based on age or disability. Be sure to review the USCIS guidelines or ask an immigration expert if you think you qualify.

Step 6: Attend the Naturalization Ceremony

If everything goes well, USCIS will schedule you for an oath ceremony. This is the last step in becoming a naturalized citizen. You’ll get a notice in the mail with the date, time, and location.

It’s at this ceremony that you’ll take the Oath of Allegiance. This means you promise to support and defend the U.S. Constitution and laws. After taking the oath, you’ll get your Certificate of Naturalization. This certificate proves you are now a U.S. citizen.

This is a very proud moment for many new citizens. Families are often invited to attend, and ceremonies may include guest speakers, flags, and the national anthem. After the ceremony, you can apply for a U.S. passport and register to vote.

Extra Benefits of U.S. Citizenship

Beyond voting in elections and traveling with a U.S. passport, there are many other advantages to becoming a citizen. These benefits touch on your legal security, family unity, career options, and even education opportunities. While the naturalization process can take time and effort, the rewards you get as a full citizen often make it well worth it. Many people see it as an important way to build a better life—not just for themselves, but also for their families.

Once you become a U.S. citizen, you are no longer required to renew your green card every 10 years or worry about losing your legal status due to extended travel or certain criminal issues. Citizens are much more protected under U.S. law. You also become eligible for more government programs, jobs, and financial support that are only available to citizens. This includes applying for federal student aid, government scholarships, and various types of housing assistance that require U.S. citizenship.

Here are some extra benefits that come with U.S. citizenship:

• No More Green Card Renewals: Permanent residents must renew their green cards every 10 years. As a citizen, you avoid this cost and hassle completely.
• Protection from Deportation: A U.S. citizen cannot be deported for committing most crimes or for violating immigration laws—unless it’s found they lied during the naturalization process.
• More Job Opportunities: Some federal jobs, such as those in government agencies, law enforcement, or national security, are open only to U.S. citizens.
• Access to More Government Aid: United States citizens can apply for federal financial aid for college, such as Pell Grants and federal student loans. Some scholarships and housing benefits are also limited to citizens.
• Stronger Ability to Petition for Family Members: Citizens can petition for a much wider group of relatives, including parents, siblings, and married children. These relatives usually receive preference and faster processing compared to petitions from green card holders.
• U.S. Passport and Consular Help: Traveling with a U.S. passport opens up more countries that don’t require visas. You can also receive help from U.S. embassies and consulates if you run into trouble abroad.
• Automatic Citizenship for Children: If you become a citizen and have children under 18 who are also green card holders and live in the same household with you, they may automatically become citizens too.
• Voting Rights in Federal Elections: Only U.S. citizens can vote in federal elections, such as choosing the president, and some state and local elections also require citizenship.

These benefits can lead to a more secure, stable, and rewarding life in the United States. They also make it easier for you to give your children and loved ones a better future. Becoming a naturalized citizen is not only a legal status—it’s a life-changing step that opens the door to new opportunities and peace of mind.

Common Mistakes That Delay the Process

Even if you’re doing your best to follow all the steps for becoming a naturalized citizen, it’s surprisingly easy to make small errors that can slow down your application—or even cause it to be denied. The naturalization process is complex, and the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) requires that everything be filled out accurately and completely. If something is missing or seems incorrect, your case may be delayed for weeks or even months. These delays can be stressful and frustrating, especially when you’re longing to become a citizen.

Whether you are filing your own application or getting help, it’s important to understand the most common pitfalls. Many of these mistakes happen because people rush, overlook a detail, or aren’t aware of certain rules. You can save yourself a lot of time and stress by double-checking your application, preparing for each step, and staying informed about the process.

Here are some of the most common mistakes that delay naturalization applications:

• Missing or Incomplete Documents: USCIS requires supporting documents like your green card, marriage certificate, or tax records. Forgetting to include one, or sending an unclear copy, can result in a request for evidence (RFE), which slows things down.
• Leaving Sections Blank on Form N-400: Every question on the N-400 application should be answered—even if the answer is “N/A” or “None.” Missing answers can lead to delays or rejections.
• Not Updating Your Address: If you move while your application is being processed, you are legally required to update your address with USCIS within 10 days. Failing to do this can cause you to miss critical mail, like interview appointments or notices.
• Skipping Appointments: Biometrics (fingerprinting) appointments and interviews are mandatory. If you miss them and don’t reschedule in time, your application could be denied.
• Failing to Disclose Past Arrests or Immigration Issues: Even if your criminal record is minor or your case was dismissed, you must disclose it. USCIS will find out through background checks. Failing to mention it can be viewed as dishonesty, which is worse than the offense itself.
• Not Studying for the Test: Some people assume the English and civics test will be easy, but many applicants fail the first time. If you don’t pass, your naturalization will be delayed and you’ll need to attend a second interview.
• Not Signing the Application: It may sound simple, but forgetting to sign Form N-400 is a surprisingly common reason for rejection. USCIS won’t process unsigned forms.
• Sending the Wrong Filing Fee: Make sure you check the current USCIS fee for Form N-400. Sending the wrong amount, or forgetting to include payment entirely, will cause a rejection.

To avoid delays, it’s a good idea to go over your application several times before submitting it. Create a checklist of all the documents you need, and make sure everything is complete. You should also keep track of your appointment letters and deadlines, and always respond to USCIS requests on time.

If you feel unsure about the paperwork or how to answer certain questions, you don’t have to do it alone. Many people turn to reputable immigration services or licensed attorneys who understand the requirements to become a naturalized citizen of the United States and can help you stay on track. A little help upfront can prevent big problems down the line.

What Happens If You Are Denied?

If your naturalization application is denied, try not to panic. A denial doesn’t necessarily mean the end of your journey toward citizenship. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will mail you a letter that clearly explains the reason for the denial. This letter will also outline what your options are, including whether you can appeal the decision, reapply, or request a hearing.

Common reasons for denial include failing the citizenship test twice, missing important appointments like the biometrics screening or interview, or having a criminal record that affects your eligibility. In some cases, you might have made a mistake on your application or failed to submit the correct documents. Depending on the reason for the denial, you may be allowed to fix the problem and reapply right away—or you might need to wait several months or years before applying again.

If you believe the decision was made in error or feel that the officer misunderstood your case, you can ask for another review. This process involves submitting Form N-336, which is a Request for a Hearing on a Decision in Naturalization Proceedings. It allows you to present your case to a different USCIS officer, who will re-evaluate your application.

It’s a good idea to speak with an immigration attorney if you are unsure about how to move forward after a denial. An immigration professional can help you understand your legal rights and determine the best next step—whether it’s appealing the decision or fixing the issue and reapplying. Sometimes, a denial is just a temporary setback, and with the right support, you can still achieve your goal of becoming a naturalized citizen.

Helping Family After Naturalization

One of the biggest benefits of becoming a naturalized citizen is being able to help your family immigrate to the U.S. Citizens can file petitions for more family members than green card holders can—and usually with shorter wait times.

Here’s who you can help:

• Spouse: Citizens can petition for a spouse to immigrate immediately.
• Children: You can sponsor unmarried children under 21, or even adult children (though it takes longer).
• Parents: Citizens 21 and older can petition for their parents to get green cards.
• Siblings: You can apply for your brothers or sisters to join you, although wait times are often long.

This process starts with filing Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative. Being a citizen makes this process faster and opens more options.

Can Naturalized Citizens Lose Their Citizenship?

Once you become a citizen, it’s usually permanent. But in rare cases, naturalized citizens can lose their citizenship through a process called denaturalization. This usually only happens if USCIS discovers you lied during your application or committed serious crimes.

Denaturalization can also happen if someone joins a terrorist group, commits war crimes, or gives up their U.S. citizenship voluntarily. These cases are very rare but important to know about. As long as you are honest and continue to follow U.S. laws, your citizenship will remain secure.

Why Citizenship Is Worth the Effort

So, how do you become a naturalized citizen? It takes time, effort, and paperwork—but the reward is a secure, permanent future in the United States. You get the power to vote, the ability to bring loved ones to the U.S., and the peace of mind of being part of the country you’ve chosen to call home.

Many people describe their naturalization ceremony as one of the proudest moments of their lives. If you’re eligible, take the next step. With good preparation and the right support, becoming a naturalized citizen is completely within your reach.

Need help applying? Our service can guide you through every step and check your application for mistakes. Start your citizenship journey today!